The surprising cognitive benefits of learning music, even as an adult

The idea that learning a musical instrument is reserved for childhood or those with natural talent continues to be challenged by emerging neuroscience research. For health-conscious adults seeking to optimize their cognitive health and mental performance, picking up an instrument later in life may offer some of the most comprehensive brain benefits available through any single activity.

Dr. Steven Allder, a consultant neurologist, emphasizes how musical learning actively engages multiple brain regions simultaneously while supporting long-term cognitive function. The research suggests that whether you're revisiting a forgotten passion or starting completely fresh, musical instrument learning could represent a powerful investment in maintaining brain vitality as we age.

Unlike passive entertainment or simple mental exercises, learning an instrument demands complex coordination between motor skills, auditory processing, memory systems, and emotional centers—creating a uniquely holistic approach to brain health optimization that few other activities can match.

7 Science-Backed Ways Learning Music Later in Life Supports Cognitive Health

1. Strengthens Memory Networks and Recall Abilities

Learning and playing a musical instrument may help support memory function through complex neural engagement that goes far beyond simple memorization. Research suggests that when we learn music, the brain activates intricate processes involving reading notation, coordinating movement, and recalling melodic patterns, which studies indicate may strengthen neural networks associated with both working memory and long-term recall.

The mechanism: Musical practice appears to function like exercise for memory systems, with repeated engagement potentially reinforcing neural pathways that support cognitive function. Studies have shown that musicians often demonstrate enhanced verbal memory and greater cognitive flexibility compared to non-musicians, suggesting that sustained musical activity may help the brain maintain resilience against age-related cognitive changes.

Practical application: Start with simple pieces that gradually increase in complexity, allowing your brain to build memory networks progressively. Focus on memorizing short musical phrases before attempting entire pieces, and practice recalling melodies without looking at sheet music to specifically target memory enhancement.

2. Promotes Neuroplasticity and Brain Adaptability

One of the most significant benefits of musical learning may be its ability to stimulate neuroplasticity—the brain's capacity to form new neural connections and strengthen existing ones. Research indicates that learning an instrument after age 60 requires motor coordination, auditory processing, and problem-solving skills that may encourage the brain to "rewire" itself in beneficial ways.

The science: Each musical lesson presents challenges that studies suggest may force the brain to adapt and create new pathways. This ongoing neural stimulation appears to help maintain cognitive flexibility, which research indicates becomes increasingly valuable as we age. The continuous problem-solving required in musical learning may act as a powerful tool for keeping the brain active and adaptable.

Implementation strategy: Choose an instrument that challenges both hands independently (like piano) or requires breath control coordination (like wind instruments) to maximize neuroplasticity benefits. Set progressive goals that gradually increase in difficulty to maintain optimal neural challenge without overwhelming your system.

3. Enhances Language Processing and Auditory Skills

Musical training may support language and listening abilities through shared neural networks in the brain. Research suggests that music and language utilize overlapping brain regions, particularly in areas responsible for auditory processing, rhythm recognition, and pattern detection.

Scientific rationale: Learning an instrument appears to train the brain to distinguish pitch, tone, and timing with greater precision, which studies indicate may translate into improved listening skills and speech perception. For older adults, this enhanced auditory processing may support clearer communication, especially in challenging acoustic environments with background noise.

Practical benefits: Musical training research suggests it may strengthen connections between auditory and language centers, potentially supporting vocabulary retention and more effective processing of spoken communication. This cross-training effect demonstrates how cognitive health benefits can extend beyond musical performance into daily communication skills.

4. Supports Mood Regulation and Emotional Well-being

The emotional benefits of musical learning extend far beyond simple enjoyment, with research indicating significant impacts on neurotransmitter systems associated with mood regulation. Studies suggest that playing music may stimulate the release of dopamine and endorphins—chemicals linked to pleasure and motivation—while potentially helping to reduce cortisol levels associated with stress response.

Neurological mechanisms: The focused attention required for musical practice appears to promote mindfulness-like states that may help redirect attention away from daily stressors. Research indicates this focused engagement can support relaxation and stress reduction, contributing to overall emotional well-being and mental health optimization.

Social connection factor: Musical learning often creates opportunities for social interaction through lessons, group practice, or performance opportunities. These social connections may provide additional mood benefits, as research consistently shows social engagement supports mental health and cognitive function throughout aging.

5. Strengthens Executive Function and Mental Control

Executive functions—including planning, attention control, problem-solving, and cognitive flexibility—appear to be significantly engaged during musical learning. Research suggests that playing an instrument requires simultaneous focus on musical notation, hand coordination, rhythm anticipation, and real-time adjustment, creating a comprehensive workout for these critical cognitive skills.

Cognitive training effects: Studies indicate that this repeated exercise of executive functions through musical practice may help improve concentration, decision-making abilities, and cognitive flexibility over time. These cognitive skills research shows are vital for maintaining independence and successfully adapting to life challenges, making musical learning a potentially valuable brain training activity.

Long-term benefits: The executive function enhancement from musical training may transfer to other areas of life, with research suggesting improved ability to manage complex tasks, maintain attention during challenging activities, and adapt thinking patterns when circumstances change.

6. Activates Multiple Brain Regions Simultaneously

Musical instrument learning appears unique in its ability to engage diverse brain regions in coordinated activity. Research indicates that the motor cortex controls finger movements, the auditory cortex processes sound information, and the hippocampus supports memory formation, while the cerebellum refines timing and coordination.

Comprehensive brain engagement: Studies suggest that emotional processing centers, including the amygdala and limbic system, also respond to the meaningful and pleasurable aspects of musical creation. This widespread neural activation research indicates makes musical learning distinctive in how it integrates cognitive, motor, and emotional brain functions.

Holistic brain training: Few activities appear to stimulate the brain as comprehensively as musical learning, which research suggests may explain why musical training shows such broad cognitive health benefits. This multi-system engagement may contribute to the robust brain health support that studies associate with musical practice.

7. May Support Cognitive Reserve Against Age-Related Decline

While no single activity can guarantee protection against cognitive decline, research suggests that learning an instrument may help build what scientists call "cognitive reserve"—the brain's resilience against age-related changes. Studies indicate that cognitive stimulation through musical activity may help strengthen neural networks and promote neuroplasticity in ways that support brain health.

Protective mechanisms: Research suggests that by creating robust neural networks, musical activity may help the brain compensate if age-related changes begin to occur. The combination of cognitive stimulation, stress reduction, and mood enhancement that studies associate with musical learning may work together to support overall brain health optimization.

Comprehensive approach: The emotional benefits of musical learning, including research-indicated stress reduction and mood improvement, may also contribute to brain health support, as chronic stress and mood disorders are associated with accelerated cognitive decline in some studies.

Getting Started with Musical Learning for Cognitive Health

The research on musical learning and cognitive health suggests that the benefits begin accumulating relatively quickly, with some studies showing measurable improvements in attention and memory within just a few months of consistent practice. The key appears to be regular, progressive engagement rather than intensive practice sessions.

Consider starting with an instrument that matches your physical capabilities and musical interests—whether that's returning to a childhood instrument or exploring something entirely new. Many communities offer adult music programs specifically designed for beginners, and online learning platforms provide flexible options for consistent practice.

Remember that individual responses to musical learning can vary significantly based on factors like previous musical experience, overall health status, and learning style preferences. While the research on musical learning and cognitive health is promising, it's important to approach this as one component of a comprehensive brain health strategy that may also include regular physical exercise, social engagement, and other cognitive challenges. As with any significant lifestyle change, consider discussing your musical learning goals with healthcare providers, especially if you have existing health conditions that might affect your ability to practice certain instruments.